Spermatophore: is essentially a glob of spermatozoa along with nutrients the male has stored specially. It is described as a nuptial ’gift’ to help the female produce offspring. For example butterflies need lots of sodium to lay their eggs. Some insects, mollusks and other inveterate (such as arachnids) do this. How polite. 

Embryonic Stem Cells:  
As you are likely to know, stem cell research is the source of a great controversy because embryos are required. There are other ways of getting stem cells (such as from umbilical cords) however it isn’t efficient enough for proper research. However scientist have found a way to turn adult spinal blood cells into those of a 6 day old embryo. This is done by creating holes in the membrane of the cells with electrodes and injecting 4 types of plasmid. 14 days later the cells have completed their metamorphosis. This is a massive breakthrough; removing the issue from politics and accelerating research. This method is safe (no chance of cell mutations when applied[no cancer]) and efficient (60% success rate). We could soon be curing the incurable. 

How Do Bees Fly?

Even though it is often used as a famous example of ‘science doesn’t work’, how bees can lift their own weight plus the weight of pollen and nectar was discovered wayyyy back in 2005. Scientists filmed a bee in flight at 6000 frames a second. 

It turns out the bee will beat it’s wings around 230 times a second at a 90degree arc. This, in comparison to the fruit fly’s 200bps, proved their first discovery that insects that are smaller don’t always beat their wings faster. Next they mimicked the bee by creating a scaled-sized robot wing. Instead of creating a a single lift per beat (like bird or plane physics which mathematicians initially deemed the bees flight impossible with) It sort of ‘bobs’: peaking it’s lift at the begging middle and end of each wing flap. 

It’s flight is much more similar to the hovering of a humming bird. Apart from that, bees generate lift expectantly with high pressure and low pressure similar to the Bernoulli principle.

Why Do Mosquito Bites Itch? 

It is only the female mosquito that will bite, and when she does we have all experienced the irritating itch that lasts the day. What happens is:

1) She pierces the skin with her proboscis and searches for blood vessels in the upper epidermis.

2.) When she does this, she releases saliva into the blood; her spit contains digestive enzymes and anti-coagulant which keeps the blood flowing. The body’s reaction to this is to release histamine, causing the blood vessels in the area to swell.  

3.) This swelling then presses on the nerves which gives us that annoying urge to itch. 

Light Waves… or Particles: 

Originally, when Newton conducted his experiments, it suggested light was very simply demonstrated as a ray (and later on a wave that required no medium of travel). However when Einstein came up with his theory of the photoelectric effect (shooting light at metal made electrons absorb the energy then escape the atom), it suggested that light concentrated energy in pockets - or photons

Every since then, it has angered the science community that both perceptions of light exist. Both are proved yet they cannot live side-by-side.  

However, it came as a great shock when Einstein wrote his papers on relativity and described light as a net of waves when he previously acknowledged them as particles. It is known Einstein embraced the idea of Wave-Particle Duality. Meaning he accepted light behaved in both ways and used whichever that best explained/fitted the circumstances. 

There is now the idea in quantum mechanics that some particles can exhibit the characteristics of a wave. 

Vitamins:

A vitamin is simply a chemical that the body cannot synthesize in large enough quantities to sustain the life-form. What this means however, is that vitamins for one organism are not vitamins for the other. For example: Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a vitamin for us - but it isn’t for more other mammals.